10 that is there in the Buddhist group of caves. We know from incomplete caves at Ajanta that masons and sculptors worked from top to bottom to excavate the caves and create architectural … The vaulted ribs at the top were carved to simulate wooden beams. The phase of excavation of these caves is from 4th century AD to 8th century AD. These caves are oft visited by tourists looking for deeper insights into the art forms and architectural designs of the Buddhist period. This cave is numbered 26, and dates from the later period—around the 470s. Objective: Students will consider how public art promotes civic participation and social commentary by 1) researching Bay Area public art and completing research assignments or, 2) submitting grant proposals for hypothetical public art. The columns slope inwards in the imitation of wooden columns that would have been structurally necessary to keep a roof up. [28][29], These remarkable caves were conceived under the Imperial sponsorship of Ashoka and his grandson Dasaratha Maurya. Of these caves, mostly build by Emperor Ashoka and his grandson Dasaratha for the ascetic sect of the Ajivikas, two caves are thought to have been dedicated to the Buddhist: Karan Chaupar cave, and possibly the Lomas Rishi cave. It was faced by a substantial wooden facade, now entirely lost. One such prominent example of cave temple architecture are the Badami Cave Temples at Badami, the early Chalukya capital, carved out in the 6th century. At the rear of the central hall is a columned antechamber leading to a small shrine. The Jain and Buddhist monks lived in these caves and meditated. 2nd-century CE relief from Loriyan Tangai, Gandhara. It is smaller than the Barabar caves, measuring only 4.91x3.43m, with a ceiling height of 2.01m. These rulers offered tracks of land and financial support to Buddhist monks as a way to gain the loyalty of their subjects. [9][12][13] The Buddha himself had also used the Indrasala Cave for meditation, starting a tradition of using caves, natural or man-made, as religious retreats, that would last for over a millennium.[14]. The caves are clearly numbered from one to 29, moving from the distinct essence of the architecture of Ajanta Caves. They are dated to the 1st century BCE / CE on the basis of the architectural features of the caves and paleography of votive inscriptions. The first was the stupa, a significant object in Buddhist art and architecture. This freedom resulted in the emergence of Buddhist cave architecture throughout Asia. Commenting of Mauryan sculpture, John Marshall once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings". The Buddha meditating in the Indrasala Cave. It is primarily represented by three important building types – the Chaitya Hall ( place of worship ), the Vihara ( monastery ) and the Stupa ( hemispherical mound for worship / memory ) – exemplified by the magnificent caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa. [27], Dedicatory inscription by Ashoka to the Ajivikas, in Karan Chaupar, Barabar caves. Table summing up the contrasting features are as follows One of the most exquisite examples of Indian Art and Architecture, can be found in the caves of Ellora and Ajanta. We know from incomplete caves at Ajanta that masons and sculptors worked from top to bottom to excavate the caves and create architectural and sculptural forms. the health and safety of our community, we are temporarily closed. The Buddha is symbolized by his throne. [31], The affiliation of the last two caves to Buddhism would be coherent with the fact that the architecture of the gate of Lomas Rishi became a reference for the development of the Chaitya arch in Buddhist cave architecture for the following centuries, whereas the Hindus or the Jains caves essentially did not follow this architectural example. [40][39] This, like a similar facade at the Bedse Caves is an early example of what James Fergusson noted in the nineteenth century: "Everywhere ... in India architectural decoration is made up of small models of large buildings".[41]. Other than these well-known examples, It also produced other works of art that are still famous world over. • On the delicately fluted central columns, miniature dwarves stand with arms raised (yellow highlights in Fig. The development of Japanese Buddhist Architectures can be broadly divided into the following periods. ~Cave number 9: The figure of Tara, with six fears carved around her of the snake, sword, elephant, fire etc.This cave is well decorated facade, windows separated by figures of dwarfs. Explore Nara’s ancient Buddhist art and architecture. The intricate carvings, roofs, pillars, stupas, assembly halls, etc. The Ajanta caves predate the caves equally famous at Ellora, but they are entirely Buddhist. [30], After the Barabar caves, the earliest known rock-cut Buddhist monasteries date to the 1st century BCE in the Western Ghats in western India. Sculptures inside the rock cut caves There are numerous Chaityas and Viharas in these caves which clearly indicate that it was the center of Buddhist study. This is the currently selected item. 14) on the four corners of the compressed cushion capitals, as if supporting the massive brackets above. [18][26] The very act of digging artificial caves in the rock, of which the Barabar caves represent the oldest case in India, was probably inspired by the caves dug in the rock of the Achaemenids, as is the case in Naqsh-e Rostam. Lesson 7 of 15 • 132 upvotes • 6:36 mins. This is the Sitamarhi Cave, 20 km from Rajgir, 10 km south-west of Hisua, also dated of the Maurya empire. Cave temples are cavities of various sizes that are chiseled directly out of solid rock, sometimes directly on the face of sheer cliffs. Evidence suggests that the caves were first occupied and slightly altered during the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, up to about 6000 BC, though the changes do not really amount to architecture. Buddhist monastics gained the support of some of India’s ancient rulers. Cave 6 has a rectangular columned hall off which smaller halls open, each with two cells. Here’s what to expect when we reopen. Some of Harishena’s ministers, however were followers of Buddhism and it was principally these individuals who commissioned the later caves at Ajanta. About 1200 Jain and Buddhist cave structures have been fo… The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India. The Mauryans excelled in cave architecture and they are considered as the pioneers of rock-cut cave architecture. 200–100 BCE), and later caves, dating from around 450 to 500 CE. Most of the caves are in the form of Viharas having dormitories attached to them. These caves were discovered in 1819 though they are believed to have been constructed between 2nd century BC and 4th century AD. The cave has 39 octagonal-shaped pillars, painted with standing and seated Buddhas. [38], The earliest rock-cut chaityas, similar to free-standing ones, consisted of an inner circular chamber with pillars to create a circular path around the stupa and an outer rectangular hall for the congregation of the devotees. Design a calligraphic plate using Arabic script and images inspired by a meaningful word. In general, Ajanta caves reflect the brilliant Buddhist art that rose and flourished during the reigns of Chalukya and Rashtrakuta rulers. Here is your answer Some of the Buddhist Art are: 1.Buddhist Stupas 2.Cave Temples 3.Sri Lankan Stupas 4.The Vatadage 5.Sigiriya 6.The Barabar Caves I hope this will help you! Although many temples, monasteries and stupas have been destroyed, by contrast cave temples are very well preserved as they are both less visible and therefore less vulnerable to vandalism as well as made of more durable material than wood and masonry. The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving example of ancient Indian art, particularly expressive paintings that present emotions through gesture, pose and form Vignesh Rajasekaran. One is the square-shaped cave that contained cells where the monks resided. Share. Its close family likeness to Cave No.12 at Ajanta and others at Bhaja and Kondane, all of the earliest age, suggest about the same date. [43][44] The Great Chaitya of the Karla Caves, the largest in South Asia, was constructed and dedicated in 120 CE by the Western Satraps ruler Nahapana. Ellora Caves (5 th-13 th Cen AD) Representing 3 major religion of india- Hinduism, Buddhism & Jainism. The major features of this style are: •Stupas (Buddhist shrine) •Stambhas (Pillars) •Chaityas (Caves) •Vihaaras (Monasteries) • Out of these, the prominent examples of Chaitya Hall and Viharas can be found in Rock-Cut Architecture. This is important, because we know that Mahayana Buddhism was becoming more popular at this time, and with it, multiple images of the Buddha in human form, as well as images of supporting figures known as bodhisattvas, appear abundantly in Buddhist art. Over the centuries, simple caves began to resemble free-standing buildings, needing to be formally designed and requiring highly skilled artisans and craftsmen to complete. Cave 12 in Ajanta, another early vihara with monk cells. [1] [2] The caves include paintings and sculptures described by the government Archaeological Survey of India as "the finest surviving examples of Indian art, particularly painting", [3] which are masterpieces of Buddhist religious art, with figures of the Buddha and depictions of the Jataka tales. The Visit of Indra to the Buddha in the Indrasaila cave. Historically, rock-cut temples have retained a wood-like theme in adornment; skilled craftsmen learned to mimic timber texture, grain, and structure. This freedom resulted in the emergence of Buddhist cave architecture throughout Asia. The caves are a focal point of interest for scholars, researchers and students too. History of Ancient India (2009-10), Dominant Publishers and Distributors. Authors: … The aerial view of the site looks … The Buddhist and Hindu rock caves scattered throughout western India help us to chart artistic developments in ancient India, since most other buildings from that time were made of materials that have not survived. At the back side of the caves, a sanctuary was built and each sanctuary has a statue of Lord Buddha in the center. The caves of Ajanta are related to both Hinayana and Mahayana sect of Buddhism. Art and architecture features of Buddhist caves The Buddhist caves are considered to be the living examples of “Indian rock-cut architecture”. There are total of 29 rock-cut caves which comprises of various paintings and sculptures depicting Buddhist religious art. [30] Later, Ashoka built the caves of Lomas Rishi (without dated inscription, but posterior to Sudama on architectural grounds) and Karna Chopar (19th year of his reign), at a time when he had become a firm advocate of Buddhism, as known from the Edicts of Ashoka. [21] Huge efforts were made at building religious caves in Western India until the 6th century CE. The earliest cave temples include the Bhaja Caves, the Karla Caves, the Bedse Caves, the Kanheri Caves, and some of the Ajanta Caves. gregheffley Expert; HEY MATE! These are carved out of a rock of about 80 metres high and about 380 metres long. Magnificent paintings, sculptures inside the walls of the caves leaves you spellbound. Pallava dynasty. [1] There are more than 1,500 known rock cut structures in India, out of which about 1000 were made by Buddhists (mainly between 200 BCE and 600 CE), 300 by Hindus (from 600 CE to 1200 CE), and 200 by Jains (from 900 CE to 1200 CE). The residences of monks were called Viharas and the cave shrines, called Chaityas, were for congregational worship. Buddhist Rock cut caves. The hall itself is lined with pillars, and behind the pillars and apse is an ambulatory passage, allowing the worshiper to walk around the stupas as a form of worship. Write a short note on Buddhist caves in India (200 words) Note: there are many Buddhist caves, I’m listed only a few good & easy to remember caves associated with Satvahan that way it can be “fit” into both type of questions. Similar architecture with certain variations can be seen in the Buddhist caves at Ellora, specifically in Caves 6 and 9. Please mark this answer as brainliest! Indeed, if one visits Bamiyan today, one will see nearly 1000 Buddhist caves carved along 1300 meters of cliff face. The most prominent features of Hindu cave architecture … Some of the finest sculptures and paintings are in the caves at Ajanta. September 2013 ; Arts 2(3):134-150; DOI: 10.3390/arts2030134. Buddhist Architecture developed in India in the third century BC. The cave is remarkable as the painted ceiling includes large medallions, delicate bands of lotus flowers, scrollwork and abstract geometric patterns. For the residence of the monks rooms were hewn out of the rocks and thus began the cave architecture at Barabar hills in Gaya and at Nasik. Why should one therefore not set up a memorial in the mountains that will endure as long as the moon and sun shine in the skies?”. Q. Some of the finest sculptures and paintings are in the caves at Ajanta. Buddhist Influence on Rock-cut Architecture . [37], Facades were added to the exteriors while the interiors became designated for specific uses, such as monasteries (viharas) and worship halls (chaityas). The phase of excavation of these caves is from 4th century AD to 8th century AD. Final part of the sub series "Post Mauryan Art". There are around 1200 cave temples still in existence, most of which are Buddhist. In the history of Chinese Buddhist art and architecture, the most important link is the rock cave, or cave temple, and all of the art contained within. Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (), places to venerate relics (), and shrines or prayer halls (chaityas, also called chaitya grihas), which … The Ajanta caves preserve some of the best masterpieces of Buddhist art in India. Numerous caves were excavated by the Buddhist monks for prayer and residence purposes. Like all the locations of Buddhist caves, this one is located near main trade routes and spans six centuries beginning in the 2nd or 1st century B.C. It analyses the various cultural, historical and religious phenomena that shaped the caves at Aurangabad through the first seven centuries of the Common Era and it comments on the Buddhist tradition of the western Deccan as a … Photo by Olivier Laude, 1999. Early Buddhists worshiped at stupas containing relics of the Buddha, as well as at other sites associated with his earthly existence. It is a group of 22 rock-cut caves and depicts a typical early phase of Buddhist architecture marked by deep apsidal hall cut in solid rock, with a row of plain octagonal pillars near the walls. Architectural History and Painting Art at Ajanta: Some Salient Features. Ajanta caves are a series of 30 Buddhist caves located in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. Post Mauryan Art and Architecture - Ellora Caves. Architectural History FEATURES OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE 11. Later rock-cut cave architecture became more sophisticated as in the Ajanta Caves, belonging to a second, and last, wave of Buddhist cave building. Buddhist And Jain Architecture [Art And Culture For UPSC] Buddhism and Jainism introduced the art of rock-cut caves such as the Ajanta and Ellora caves. A walk through Sana Caves takes you to exciting viharas, which refers to pillared verandahs containing one or two cells. Chaityas house the stupas and served as the centers for worship while Viharas served as the monastery for study and learning. 2. There are more than 1,500 known rock cut structures in India, out of which about 1000 were made by Buddhists (mainly between 200 BCE and 600 CE), 300 by Hindus (from 600 CE to 1200 CE), and 200 by Jains (from 900 CE to 1200 CE). The Caves of Ajanta. 10 that is there in the Buddhist group of caves. [38] The earliest rock-cut garbhagriha, similar to free-standing ones later, had an inner circular chamber with pillars to create a circumambulatory path (pradakshina) around the stupa and an outer rectangular hall for the congregation of the devotees. [14] The building of rock-cut caves would revive briefly in the 6th century CE, with the magnificent achievements of Ajanta and Ellora, before finally subsiding as Hinduism replaced Buddhism in the sub-continent, and stand-alone temples became more prevalent. Next lesson. The area's many caves and grottos have yielded primitive tools and decorative rock paintings. The construction of the worship halls depicted the architecture of Christian … There are twenty-nine caves in Ajanta with Chaityas and Viharas as the two dominant types. in "The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Susan L. Huntington Jain, Weatherhill, 1985, p. 48, Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist architecture, p.99, The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. From the humble beginnings at the Barabar Caves, they evolve into spectacular caves at Ajanta and Ellora. 5.0 2 votes The Buddhist caves in India form an important part of Indian rock-cut architecture, and are among the most prolific examples of rock-cut architecture around the world. The unwanted rocks are removed from the cave after completion of the carving process. Worship could take place anywhere and at anytime. The caves at Ajanta also contain the earliest surviving group of paintings from ancient India (other than prehistoric evidence). The greater chunk of around 1200 surviving cave temples is Buddhist. [48] Skilled artisans crafted living rock to imitate timbered wood (such as lintels) in construction and grain and intricate decorative carving, although such architectural elements were ornamental and not functional in the classical sense. The major features of this style are: •Stupas (Topes) •Stambhas (Lats) •Chaityas (Caves) •Vihaaras (Monastries) Out of these, the prominent examples of Chaitya Hall and Viharas can be found in Rock-Cut Architecture. Architectural History FEATURES OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE 6. Arts and humanities Art of Asia South Asia Gupta period. Please read on to know more about this UNESCO, World Heritage Site, The Ajanta, Ellora Caves. However, it is important to note that the excavations of these caves happened in different phases in different time periods beginning in the 2nd Century. At the back side of the caves, a sanctuary was built and each sanctuary has a statue of Lord Buddha in the center. Buddhist caves abound in the western ghats. Artificial caves of Eastern India (3rd-2nd centuries BCE), First wave of construction (2nd century BCE- 2nd century CE), First western artificial vihara caves (100-70 BCE), Second wave of cave construction (5th-6th century CE), Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.97-99, Maharashtra, Marg Publications, 1985, p. 209, Ashoka in Ancient India by Nayanjot Lahiri, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMichell1989 (, "But it is also likely that the predilection towards a cave and rock-cut tradition was stimulated by an Achaemenid model, such as the royal tombs at Naksh-i-Rustam. Part of the inscription reads, “A man continues to enjoy himself in paradise as long as his memory is green in this world. Asuka and Nara Periods . Numerous donors provided the funds for the building of these caves and left donatory inscriptions, including laity, members of the clergy, government officials, and even foreigners such as Yavanas (Greeks) representing about 8% of all inscriptions. It provides a good overview on paintings, sculpture, and cave architecture of Ajaṇṭā but also on those of the related sites including Bāgh, Kanheri, Aurangabad, and Ellora. [42] The Indo-Scythian dynasty of the Western Satraps too sponsored numerous Buddhist caves, as seen from their dedications at Karla Caves, Manmodi Caves or Nasik Caves. [18][26] Ashoka dedicated the caves of Sudama and Visvakarma to the Ajivikas in the 12th year of his reign, when his religious evolution towards Buddhism was not yet fully completed. Caves are divided into Chaityas and Viharas Located at a distance of 40km from Jalgaon city, Ajanta caves are fine examples of the Buddhist art and architecture. The Hindu caves that are located at different places across India are sort of extensions of Buddhist cave architecture with of course certain alterations in architecture and design suiting the Hindu customs and traditions. [30] This would also mean that the decorated gate of Lomas Rishi was a Buddhist invention, which was emulated in Buddhist architecture in the following centuries. At the centre of the apse was the stupa shape. The caves were cut out of solid rocks and were in two parts, one called the hall of worship or chaitya and the other the monastery or vihara. Objective: Students will explore the dichotomy between craft and fine art while investigating Ruth Asawa’s sculpture work and identity. The entrance is also trapezoidal, as for the Barabar caves.[22]. 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Nearby are many small Buddhist cave shrines.[49]. 1st century BCE/CE). [44][45][46] When the Satavahanas recovered lost territory from the Western Satraps, they again pursued construction efforts as seen in Nasik Caves and Kanheri Caves. The columns have large pot and foliage capitals. In addition, the inverted swastika with upward arrow at the end of the inscription would be more of a Buddhist character. Relics found in these caves suggest a connection between the religious and the commercial, as Buddhist missionaries often accompanied traders on the busy international trading routes through India. Also one more architecturally celebrated feature is the Kailasanatha temple which is there in the Hindu group of caves. As mercantile and royal endowments grew, cave interiors became more elaborate, with interior walls decorated in paintings, reliefs, and intricate carvings. Each cell has two stone beds. [34][35] As the Buddhist ideology encouraged involvement in trade, monasteries often became stopovers for inland traders and provided lodging houses along trade routes. The first wave of caves is from … Architectural features and Ornamentation- Striking features of these caves include a 15 meters tall statue of Lord Buddha. The Buddhism and the Buddhist architecture were literally imported from China via Korea in the 6th century. This is one of a series of caves excavated out of the volcanic rock that extends along a cliff overlooking the Wagora River at Ajanta, about two hours north of the present-day city of Aurangabad, in Maharastra state in western India. People performed circumambulation around the stupa which is surrounded by pillars. This created the appearance of an ancient Indian mansion. Although the sculpture, particularly the rich ornamentation of the caitya pillars, is noteworthy, it is the fresco-type paintings that are the chief interest of Ajanta. Plan of Cave 12 in Ajanta. The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art, particularly expressive paintings that present emotions through gesture, pose and form. Relics are objects associated with an esteemed person, including that person’s bones (or ashes in the case of the Buddha), or things the person used or had worn. Early examples included overhanging rock decorated with rock-cut designs. These caves were excavated as a part of the first wave of cave architecture in India. Here we have brief covered all the remaining topics which were left out in the first 2 lessons . Buddhist monasteries began to appear along trade routes, usually within one day’s journey from each other. On a very basic level it is a burial mound for the Buddha. The Caves of Ajanta. This may be due to the fact that Mauryan caves where dedicated and sponsored by the Mauryan Imperial government, allowing for huge resources and efforts to be spent, whereas later caves were essentially the result of donations by commoners, who could not afford as high a level of spending. sculptural, painted, technological and epigraphic features, which can be used as spectrum of bench marks. This debut of Buddhist cave art murals, with digitally enhanced photographs in the National Capital, was the result of an idea sparked in 1989, in the mind of a … Both these caves have been accorded the UNESCO World Heritage Site status. When Buddhist missionaries arrived, they naturally gravitated to caves for use as temples and abodes, in accord with their religious ideas of asceticism and the monastic life. The caves were carved out of granite, an extremely hard rock, then finished with a very nice polishing of the inner surface, giving a mirror effect of a great regularity, as well as an echo effect. The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monument built under the Vakatakas. features of a building are the ... Buddhist Art and Architecture, (1993),Thames and Hudson . [32], Probably owing to the 2nd century BCE fall of the Mauryan Empire and the subsequent persecutions of Buddhism under Pushyamitra Sunga, it is thought that many Buddhists relocated to the Deccan under the protection of the Andhra dynasty, thus shifting the cave-building effort to western India: an enormous effort at creating religious caves (usually Buddhist or Jain) continued there until the 2nd century CE, culminating with the Karla Caves or the Pandavleni Caves. Gupta period. [30] Therefore, he may naturally have offered the last two caves of Lomas Rishi and Karna Chopar to the Buddhists, although the former has no inscription and the latter has an inscription which only indirectly suggests that. “Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China’s Silk Road,” a new exhibit at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, has been generating buzz for its impressive replicas of Buddhist art in the Gobi desert ― but there’s nothing like seeing the original paintings and sculptures in China in person. [24][25], This know-how seems to have disappeared again after the Maurya period, none of the later caves such as the Ajanta caves having this characteristic of polished surfaces. Merchants and travelers could rest or stay at the monasteries, in return for a financial offering. [20][14], The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, a World Heritage Site, are 30 rock-cut cave Buddhist temples carved into the sheer vertical side of a gorge near a waterfall-fed pool located in the hills of the Sahyadri mountains. The walls are polished in the Mauryan style. Wrathful deities, such as the guardian deities, use their power to protect Buddhism and to destroy the three major obstacles to enlightenment: anger, greed, and ignorance. The Jain and Buddhist monks lived in these caves and meditated. Such grandiose caves as Karla Caves (1st century CE) or the Ajanta Caves (5th century CE) do not have any polishing either. [33] The cave is exceedingly plain in style, and the remarkable rectangularity of all its parts, agree perfectly with what might be expected in a Vihara of the first or second century BCE. The basalt rocks and the hilly topography was ideal for cave building. Natural caves continued to be used for a long time, and over a rather wide area, as shown by the Saru Maru caves (also known as Pangoraria or Budhani caves) in Madhya Pradesh. The work of the monastery. Cave 4 4. Many other deities are also carved on the pillars and near the large statue of Buddha. [47] A period of intense building activity at this site occurred under the Vakataka king Harisena between 460 and 478 A profuse variety of decorative sculpture, intricately carved columns and carved reliefs are found, including exquisitely carved cornices and pilaster. [3], In India, caves have long been regarded as places of sanctity. It was the discovery of this cave by the British soldier John Smith that … A monastery, or vihara, with its square hall surrounded by monks' cells. Buddhist art reached its highest watermark during the Gupta period in the paintings at Ajanta (caves, I, II, XVI … [16] This possibly is a preliminary step before the advent, under Ashoka, of full-fledged artificial caves, such as those of Barabar. This is the currently selected item. Rock-cut architecture occupies a significant place in the history of Indian architecture. [23][19] This large-scale polish is reminiscent of polishing on smaller surfaces of the Maurya statuary, particularly visible on the pillars and capitals of the Ashoka pillars. Buddhist and Jaina Architecture in India. At the time this cave and others at Ajanta were excavated, India was ruled by the Gupta dynasty and in the western Deccan region by the Vakatakas, whose king Harishena (reigned 460–478 CE) was a follower of the Brahmanic (Hindu) traditions. 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