Gram‐positive bacteria were generally more sensitive to ZnO than Gram negatives. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The aim of the study was to assess the toxicity of zinc oxide … They treated drug sensitive leukemia line K562 cells with ZnO nanosheets, and the yellow-orange light emission was clearly observed around or inside the cells under UV irradiation (365 nm) at room temperature [122]. Since the advent of nanoparticles and considering these biological activities of zinc ions, the anti-inflammatory effects of ZnO NPs have also attracted much attention. Schematic illustration of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs. Zhang et al. Epidemic disease cholera, a serious diarrheal disease caused by the intestinal infection of Gram-negative bacterium V. cholera, mainly affects populations in the developing countries [81, 94]. It exhibited emission colors of blue, green, yellow, and orange [123]. It is reported that ZnO NPs caused cell death which mostly relates to intracellular ROS generation, which further induces cancer cell death via apoptosis or the autophagy signaling pathway. Wiegand explored the role of ZnO-functionalized textile fibers in the control of oxidative stress in AD in vitro and in vivo [114]. Cancer, a condition of uncontrolled malignant cell proliferation, is typically treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery in the past several decades. Recently, Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been an active research area because of their fascinating physical, chemical properties and viability in optoelectronics, chemical sensing, biosensing, and photocatalysis but have weak optical features. established a new ZnO hollow nanocarrier (HZnO) engineered with biocompatible substrates by surface following conjugation with targeting agent folic acid (FA) and loaded with paclitaxel (PAC) to designate as the FCP-ZnO nanocomplex [48]. It appeared to increase the toxicity of the ZnO NPs to breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at lower doses. Using a simple sol-gel method, Xiong et al. Due to inherent toxicity of ZnO NPs, they possess strong inhibition effects against cancerous cell and bacteria, by inducing intracellular ROS generation and activating apoptotic signaling pathway, which makes ZnO NPs a potential candidate as anticancer and antibacterial agents. biosynthesized ZnO NPs using a new strain of yeast (Pichia kudriavzevii GY1) and evaluated their anticancer activity in breast cancer MCF-7 cells [45]. In order to increase the targeting effects and selectivity against cancer cells, plenty of functionalization techniques have been reported for nanoparticle modification. Research paper Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Neem extract as multi-facet therapeutic agents Muhammad FarhanSohailabc MubasharRehmanb Syed Zajif Hussainc Zil-eHumac GulShahnazb Omer SalmanQureshid QandeelKhalide ShaperMirzaf IrshadHussainb Thomas J.Websterg https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101911 Get rights and content P. Thatoi, R. G. Kerry, S. 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Yang et al., “Cancer-targeted optical imaging with fluorescent zinc oxide nanowires,”. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. They have a large surface area relative to their size and high catalytic activity. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic compound widely used in everyday applications. Moreover, with the ability to decrease blood glucose and increase in insulin levels, ZnO NPs have shown the promising potential in treating diabetes and attenuating its complications, which can be further evaluated. ZnO NPs present certain cytotoxicity in cancer cells mainly by themselves based on a higher intracellular release of dissolved zinc ions, followed by increased ROS induction and induced cancer cell death via the apoptosis signaling pathway. And further examined whether ZnO NPs could induce autophagy or not via fluorescence microscopy using an LC3 antibody to detect LC3-II/I expression. Overall, the results suggested that the present green synthesized Neem based ZnO-NPs could be developed as a therapeutic agent with antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and strong antibacterial potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can be safely administered. n-ZnO nanoparticles were used for the removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solutions. However, excessive ROS will lead to mitochondrial damage and result in the loss of protein activity balance that finally causes cell apoptosis [60]. Ilves et al. This work was financially supported by the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund (no. The antibacterial activity may involve the accumulation of ZnO NPs in the outer membrane or cytoplasm of bacterial cells and trigger Zn2+ release, which would cause bacterial cell membrane disintegration, membrane protein damage, and genomic instability, resulting in the death of bacterial cells [75–77]. CuO particles showed rod shaped/ellipsoid morphology. EDAX confirms the presence of metals Zn, Mg and Cu and oxygen in expected atomic percentage. But recently, the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs is still scarcely known. Compared with bZnO, nZnO exerted higher anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing drastically on proinflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, and Th2 cytokines) in the mouse model of AD. Although ZnO in nanoparticle form is a promising antibacterial agent due to its wide activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the exact antibacterial mechanism of ZnO NPs has not been well established. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. The exact physical and chemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles depend on the different ways they are synthesized. Its microcrystals are very efficient light absorbers in the UVA and UVB region of spectra due to wide bandgap. Babol, Iran. ZnO NPs exposed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity by dose-dependently suppressing NO production as well as the related protein expressions of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Based on its advanced intrinsic fluorescence, ZnO nanomaterial can also be used as a promising candidate for cell imaging and pathological studies. Kitture et al. As far as method of formation is concerned, ZnO NPs can be synthesized by several chemical methods such as precipitation method, vapor transport method, and hydrothermal process. This study was designed to develop green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as potential nano-antibiotics against drug resistant microbes along with multifarious biomedical applications. Different types of drugs such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, curcumin, and baicalin or DNA fragments could be loaded onto the ZnO NPs to show better solubility, higher toxicity compared with individual agents, and effective delivery into cancer cells [48, 67–69]. carried out a detailed study about ZnO NPs against Vibrio cholerae (two biotypes of cholera bacteria (classical and El Tor)). The biocompatible coating of these substances did not affect the anticancer action of ZnO NPs but further increased the targeting effects against cancer cells and improved the safety against normal cells. ZnO NPs prepared by this method exhibited strong potential for biomedical applications such as its excellent anticancer and antibacterial activity. Zn2+ is an essential nutrient for adults, and ZnO nanomaterials are considered to be safe in vivo. Moghaddam et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) also have remarkable optical, physical, and antimicrobial properties and therefore have great potential to enhance agriculture. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. Park, “Functionalized ZnO nanoparticles with gallic acid for antioxidant and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant, T. Ohira and O. Yamamoto, “Correlation between antibacterial activity and crystallite size on ceramics,”, S. Sarwar, A. Ali, M. Pal, and P. Chakrabarti, “Zinc oxide nanoparticles provide anti-cholera activity by disrupting the interaction of cholera toxin with the human GM1 receptor,”, S. N. Seclen, M. E. Rosas, A. J. Arias, and C. A. Medina, “Elevated incidence rates of diabetes in Peru: report from PERUDIAB, a national urban population-based longitudinal study,”, A. Nazarizadeh and S. Asri-Rezaie, “Comparative study of antidiabetic activity and oxidative stress induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc sulfate in diabetic rats,”, R. D. Umrani and K. M. Paknikar, “Zinc oxide nanoparticles show antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 and 2 diabetic rats,”, R. Malizia, A. Scorsone, P. D’Angelo, C. Lo Pinto, L. Pitrolo, and C. Giordano, “Zinc deficiency and cell-mediated and humoral autoimmunity of insulin-dependent diabetes in thalassemic subjects,”, R. Kitture, K. Chordiya, S. Gaware et al., “ZnO nanoparticles-red sandalwood conjugate: a promising anti-diabetic agent,”, J. Hussein, M. El-Banna, T. A. Razik, and M. E. El-Naggar, “Biocompatible zinc oxide nanocrystals stabilized via hydroxyethyl cellulose for mitigation of diabetic complications,”, A. Bayrami, S. Parvinroo, A. Habibi-Yangjeh, and S. Rahim Pouran, “Bio-extract-mediated ZnO nanoparticles: microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and antidiabetic activity evaluation,”, A. Amiri, R. A. F. Dehkordi, M. S. Heidarnejad, and M. J. Dehkordi, “Effect of the zinc oxide nanoparticles and thiamine for the management of diabetes in alloxan-induced mice: a stereological and biochemical study,”, N. S. Wahba, S. F. Shaban, A. By targeting the specific sites of cancer cells, nanoparticle-based drug delivery could reduce the overall amount of drugs used and thus minimize undesirable side effects [9, 66]. In addition, ZnO NPs have also been well known to promote the bioavailability of therapeutic drugs or biomolecules when functioning as drug carriers to achieve enhanced therapy efficiency. Physical and chemical methods for ZnO NPs preparations have widely developed. Encouraging, HA/ZnO nanocomposite treatment for 72 hours did not cause toxicity to the normal human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell line. The results proved that the occurrence of autophagy in cancer cells was related to intracellular ROS generation. The main mechanism by which PEG-ZnO kills a cancer cell is by generating ROS and triggering p53-dependent apoptosis leading to cell death. The ZnO nanoparticles prepared via sol-gel route were highly crystalline and had smaller crystallite size (~ 24 nm) as compared to the one prepared by Solid state reaction method (~ 37 nm). ZnO is currently listed as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) material by the Food and Drug Administration and is used as food additive. Chem. Targeted nanoparticles (NPs) also provide more therapeutic benefits besides specificity and specific localization like high payload, multidrug conjugation, easy tuning of release kinetics, selective localization, and bypass of multidrug resistance mechanism [70]. In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, Dhivya et al. However, some critical issues of ZnO NPs still need to be further explored, which include the following: (1) lack of comparative analysis of its biological advantages with other metal nanoparticles, (2) the limitations of ZnO NPs toxicity toward biological systems remain a controversial issue in recent researches, (3) lack of evidence-based randomized research specifically exploring therapeutic roles in improving anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, and (4) lack of insight into corresponding animals study about its anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Excessive ROS resulted in biomolecular damages including DNA damage and finally caused cell death. The addition of radical scavengers such as mannitol, vitamin E, and glutathione could block the bactericidal action of ZnO NPs, potentially revealing that ROS production played a necessary function in the antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs. 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